The Revolutionary Republic of Iraq essays

The Revolutionary Republic of Iraq essays In ancient times the area now known as modern Iraq was almost equivalent to Mesopotamia, the land between two rivers.2 Mesopotamia was set between the Euphrates and Tigris Rivers. This area is known as the Cradle of Civilization, because around 4000 B.C. the Sumerian culture thrived. The first written language was developed during the Sumerian culture. After the fall of the Sumerian culture, many different empires invaded and ruled Mesopotamia. Formerly part of the Ottoman Empire, modern day Iraq is a country of many diverse ethnicities, religions, and beliefs. Seventy-nine percent of all Iraqi people are Arabic, sixteen percent are Kurdish, three percent are Persian, and two percent are Turkish. The majority of the Iraqi people practice the Muslim religion, while only three percent practice Christianity or another religion. These ethnicities and religions make up a nation of more than 22,000,000 The people of Iraq have a life expectancy of 66.53 years, where the male lives 65.54 years and the female lives 67.56 years. Iraq is ranked 119th in life expectancy. They are ranked 126th in infant mortality rates with a rate of 62.49 deaths for every 1,000 live births. Iraq has a literacy rate of approximately 60%, with the male population having a rate of 70.7% and the female population having a rate of 45%. They are ranked 145th. The Iraqi people speak, read, and write in many different languages. The official language of Iraq is Arabic. Other languages spoken are Kurdish, Assryian, and Armenian. The total land area of Iraq is 422,162 sq. km., with a population density of approximately 122 people per sq. mile. While most Iraqi people live in a desert climate, where the winters are mild and cool, and the summers are hot, dry, and cloudless, along the northern mountainous region they experience cold winters with occasional snow that melts and causes extensive dama...

Free Essays on Jackson Vs. The BUS

In March of 1829, Andrew Jackson was inaugurated as the seventh president of the United States. Born in 1767, he was a child of the backwoods, and was an orphan at the age of fourteen. His long military career began in 1781, and he quickly became a war hero and champion for the common man. â€Å"Old Hickory† as he was known, was a seasoned veteran, and had a reputation as a rough and uncivil individual. Most importantly, however, he was a southern democrat, which meant he distrusted banks. Nicolas Biddle, on the other hand, was the polar opposite of Jackson. Biddle was born in 1786 to an old Philadelphia family. He entered the University of Pennsylvania in 1796 at the age of ten, later enrolled at Princeton, and was valedictorian of his graduating class at the age of fifteen. Biddle was indeed a â€Å" true American Aristocrat†¦He married an heiress, read the classics in the original, collected art, and was as dramatic an antithesis as could be imagined to Jackson, the self educated frontier soldier who had become the people’s idol† (Weisberger 2). These two men would wage war on one another, albeit a bloodless one, which would forever alter America’s history and political landscape. In 1822, at the age of 37, Nicholas Biddle became the president of the Second Bank of the United States. This name, however, was very misleading. â€Å"The Bank†, as it was referred to, was actually under private control; stock was held by both domestic and foreign investors. Congress chartered the bank for twenty years in 1816, which â€Å"enabled the two separate entities to share in financial ventures which would have proven to be mutually prosperous† (D’Urso 4). The Bank had served regular commercial banking purposes but also acted as the collection and disbursement agent for the federal government, which held one-fifth of its thirty-five-million-dollar capital stock (Weisberger 1).The Bank was a storehouse for public funds, and could use thes... Free Essays on Jackson Vs. The BUS Free Essays on Jackson Vs. The BUS In March of 1829, Andrew Jackson was inaugurated as the seventh president of the United States. Born in 1767, he was a child of the backwoods, and was an orphan at the age of fourteen. His long military career began in 1781, and he quickly became a war hero and champion for the common man. â€Å"Old Hickory† as he was known, was a seasoned veteran, and had a reputation as a rough and uncivil individual. Most importantly, however, he was a southern democrat, which meant he distrusted banks. Nicolas Biddle, on the other hand, was the polar opposite of Jackson. Biddle was born in 1786 to an old Philadelphia family. He entered the University of Pennsylvania in 1796 at the age of ten, later enrolled at Princeton, and was valedictorian of his graduating class at the age of fifteen. Biddle was indeed a â€Å" true American Aristocrat†¦He married an heiress, read the classics in the original, collected art, and was as dramatic an antithesis as could be imagined to Jackson, the self educated frontier soldier who had become the people’s idol† (Weisberger 2). These two men would wage war on one another, albeit a bloodless one, which would forever alter America’s history and political landscape. In 1822, at the age of 37, Nicholas Biddle became the president of the Second Bank of the United States. This name, however, was very misleading. â€Å"The Bank†, as it was referred to, was actually under private control; stock was held by both domestic and foreign investors. Congress chartered the bank for twenty years in 1816, which â€Å"enabled the two separate entities to share in financial ventures which would have proven to be mutually prosperous† (D’Urso 4). The Bank had served regular commercial banking purposes but also acted as the collection and disbursement agent for the federal government, which held one-fifth of its thirty-five-million-dollar capital stock (Weisberger 1).The Bank was a storehouse for public funds, and could use thes...

Leadership Studies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Leadership Studies - Essay Example From this discussion it is clear that to identifying what a leader’s objective is defines the leader’s aim. It is basically an inward attempt to sort out direction, velocity and purpose. Structuring follows defining wherein the leader outlines and charts that project or idea enabling him to know how to present, enact and complete the project. Structuring sends a message to the employees that the leader or management can be trusted because the leader has the ability to explain clearly the course which have been chosen to take. This study highlights that the leader must recruit people, making commitments, side-deals, complimenting, remonstrating and sometimes bargaining – to get things done. Therefore, it is imperative for the leader to be knowledgeable enough to be able to arrive to a sound decision. Leadership is the compass of living. No subject has been more explored in our day than leadership. Management luminaries and other thinkers are constantly addressing the issue. Many studies of leadership have already been done which resulted to the different approaches in its study. Leaders are made, not born. Leadership develops daily, not in a day. It is not like investing in the stock market in the hope of making a fortune. Studies and research have proven to be valuable tools in keeping an organization at par with the others, if not succeed. Learning one’s own strength and weakness and compare it with other similar organization can help gauge its standing and growth in a particular field. Th e study of leadership can be done in different ways. It can be through academic studies, qualitative studies, comparative studies and many more.

The challenges of realising benefits from ISIT Essay

The challenges of realising benefits from ISIT - Essay Example It also provides information about the challenges businesses face to implement and operate information systems. Information Systems (IS) and Information Technology (IT) are integrated into every area of organisations' business. A closer look at how IT and IS shape up internal and external environments in which businesses operate, is provided below: With the advent of internet, the traditional business environment has shifted to the e-world. With business-to-business (B2B) and business-to-consumers (B2C), internet and e-commerce provides a market place free from geographical boundaries, where companies can buy and sell from virtually anywhere around the globe. This provides an opportunity to organistions to extend their reach and enhance their businesses. Internet and e-commerce is a direct benefit of technology adoption for business use. As stated above, the entire world has become a single marketplace. To succeed in this market, companies merge and acquire other companies, enter into long term strategic alliances and partnerships with companies half way across the world, and develop business ecosystems that benefit both organisations. These moves require consistent and continuous communication, swift and speedy responses and strategy formulation capabilities, and face to face meetings between parties thousands of miles apart. This would not have been possible had it not for information technology. IT provides the necessary infrastructure to conduct video and teleconferencing, message transfers and 24x7 connectivity through satellite, telephones and internet. Faster Business Cycles Due to the advancement in technology, the business cycles for products and services have become faster. Companies can not wait for a long time to develop a product as competitors will almost always surpass. Information technology has provided the necessary speed, accuracy, and reliability to significantly reduce cycle times while enhancing the quality, comprehensiveness and timeliness of the product and/ or service. Enterprise Resource Planning The introduction of information systems having a large scope comprising of the entire organistion, has marked the beginning of enterprise resource planning systems or ERPs. An ERP is a software system that attempts to integrate all departments and functions across a company on a single computer system that can serve all those departments' particular needs (Koch, 2006). Accountability and Transparency Converting business operations on information systems allow the organisations ability to minimise risks of frauds, unauthorised access to sensitive data and information, and enhances internal control environment for the organisation. Knowledge Management Using the power of information technology, organisations can develop knowledge bases in form of intranet and electronic portals. This can be used as a central location to hold all the required policies, procedures, guidelines and other information necessary for workers to carry out their job responsibilities. In addition, it provides a platform that allows communication among all employees who can share views, obtain expert advice, and give feedback on the

Biology Questions Essay Example for Free

Biology Questions Essay Q: Summarize the steps of the scientific method. Describe an experiment of your choice, which demonstrates the basic considerations that must be taken in the design of a good, manipulative experiment. Now that you know some details of how scientists solve problems, how might you apply that knowledge to your daily life? A: The scientific method is one of the most if not the most important method that scientists use to learn about the earth. The goal is to apply the scientific method to determine a cause and effect relationship. The scientific method is made up of five detailed steps, these steps are: I. Make an observation A scientist sees something that he cannot explain, but is very interested and would like to explain the phenomenon. II. Ask Questions After the observation is seen, the scientist comes up with a group of questions such as who, what, where, why, and how. These questions significantly help the scientist narrow down the effects of the phenomenon. III. Develop a Hypothesis A hypothesis is a proposition set forth as an explanation for the occurrence of some specified group of phenomena, either asserted merely as a provisional conjecture to guide investigation or accepted as highly probable in the light of established facts. This hypothesis must have the ability to be either true, or false. IV. Make Predictions If the hypothesis is correct, scientists will make a prediction on how they think the experiment will end. This helps them have a starting point if the hypothesis is correct. V. Test the Predictions Experimental tests may lead to the confirmation of the prediction, or to the corruption of a prediction. If the hypothesis is not correct, the scientific method requires that the hypothesis must be modified. The prediction must agree with the experiment to believe that it is a valid description of nature. A great experiment that demonstrates the basic considerations that must be taken in the design of a good, manipulative experiment is Galileo’s leaning tower of Pisa experiment. Galileo had two balls of different masses, one heavy, and one light, and dropped them at the same time off of the leaning tower of Pisa. Galileo used the scientific method to make and prediction that their time of descent was independent of their mass. He found out that the objects fell at the same acceleration, proving hid hypothesis to be true, and also proving Aristotle’s theory of gravity to be false. I will apply the scientific method to my daily life in many ways. When I see an interesting observation that I do not know of, I will now create a mini hypothesis that applies to the observation. I will then ask some questions as in what is it? Or how does it do that? Etc. I will then either research the task at hand, or create my own demonstration on the phenomenon. If my hypothesis does not agree with the conclusion, I will re apply a new hypothesis and begin again. I enjoy learning new information and think this will be very amusing. Q: Describe the difference between anthropocentrism, biocentrism, and ecocentrism. Tell which of these positions your views of the environment most closely approximate. Why? A: Anthropocentrism is the tendency that human beings regarding themselves as the most significant entities in the universe. While Biocentrism is an ethical point of view that extends value to non-human species. Ecocentrism is used to regard a nature-centered system of values, as opposed to human and non-human centered. The position that I deem approximate to my view would be the Ecocentrism system of values. The reason I chose Ecocentrism is because in my opinion, a nature-centered sustem of values is very safe and rewarding. Too many people are human-centered and only care about themselves in this world. The Anthropocentrism people are destroying our environment on this planet by not caring about preserving this earth. If we are all nature-centered and do our best everyday to help preserve this earth, we can all change the world together and keep the air clean, the ground picked up, and the streets worry free for our future generation.

King Lear Essay Lear?s descent into madness and his subsequent recognit

In the play King Lear, Madness occupies a central place and is associated with both disorder and insanity. Madness intertwines itself within the thoughts of suicide of many characters that undergo hardships. It is deep within all the characters and is shown in many ways. In Lear’s mind, madness reflects the chaos that has descended upon his kingdom. He is affected by the wheel of fortune as he is stripped of his royalty, to become nothing more than a mad commoner. Lear then learns humility as he is joined by Edgar. Edgar’s artificial insanity contains wisdom for the king to discover along the way.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Madness is first introduced in Act 2, when Goneril begins her first stage in demolishing her father’s royal status. She makes him go through what Shakespeare calls the â€Å"Wheel of Fortune† by demanding Lear to cut down his knight count by half from 100 to 50. Lear then attempts to seek refuge from this problem and goes to live with his other daughter, Regan. The conniving sisters take sides with each other in attempts to ruin Lear. Regan conforms with Goneril and orders Lear to deplete his knight count to zero. This gives Lear the opportunity to foreshadow himself going mad in the future. â€Å"O fool, I shall go mad!† (II.iv.287)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The theme of madness is explored in depth in Act 3, as many forms of madness in different characters are found. King Lear in particular is driven to a mad state and is followed by others who have gone ...

Freedom of Speech vs. Censorship Essay

Adopted in 1791, the First Amendment, states â€Å"Congress shall make no law abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances.† (Pilon) The freedom of speech documented in the First Amendment is not only a constitutional protection but also an inevitable part of democratic government and independence, which are essential values in society. â€Å"Censorship,† according to Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes, â€Å"is an almost irresistible impulse when you know you are right† (Sunstein). That is why the American citizen’s right to free speech should be held as the highest virtue and any censorship of freedom of speech should not be allowed, however, should be respected. Freedom of speech is essential part of democratic government because the only way truth can emerge when there is an open competition of ideas. However, there is a strong support of censors hip when people start mentioning extremely offensive opinions. Should the freedom of speech be limited in this case? The answer is â€Å"No†. â€Å"If liberty means anything at all,† writes George Orwell, â€Å"it means the right to tell people what they do not want to hear.† (Cox) If we want to enjoy the freedom fully, the full protection should be given to the freedom of speech; there are no compromises about it. Freedom of speech protected by the First Amendment is not just a right, which can be declared or abolished. According to the â€Å"liberty theory,† proposed by some legal scholars, freedom of speech is an essential part of the liberty of every person who pursues an individual self-determination and self-realization (Cox). Thus, freedom of speech is also a global right one that permits freedom of personal development and self-expression. Another theoretical ground to support the freedom of speech is called â€Å"tolerance theory.† It holds that the ability to teach and promote tolerance is one of the most important assets of freedom of speech (Cox). From this perspective, freedom of speech itself excludes any type of intolerance, which sometimes appears in a threatening form (religious intolerance, racial intolerance). The â€Å"tolerance theory† implies self-restraint, which is the only appropriate response to any ideas, even those that we may personally may dislike or hate. The â€Å"tolerance theory† provides a broader context for exercising tolerance in a conflict-ridden democratic society. Furthermore, in legal practice there are certain restrictions on freedom of speech imposed by the Supreme Court. They define a few categories of speech, which are considered not to be fully protected by the First Amendment. These categories include defamation, advocacy of imminent illegal conduct, obscenity and, fraudulent misrepresentation (Farber). However, if the speech does not fall within one of these categories, there are no grounds for the government to argue that freedom of speech should be restricted because of its harmful content. One of the common bases for partial censorship is proof that the freedom of speech causes imminent illegal action. The Supreme Court has already drawn a careful line between general abstract theories and political dissent on one hand and particular illegal acts incitement on the other. This line is drawn by definition of â€Å"clear and present danger† test (Farber). The government cannot sue the speaker on the basis of its tendency or possibly illegal conduct incitement. Before any speech is punished on the grounds of incitement, there is an obligatory three-part criterion that should be met. First, the speech must directly incite lawless action. Second, the context of speech must imply imminent breaking of the law, rather than call for illegal conduct at some indefinite future time. At last, there should be a strong intention to produce such conduct (Farber). Such â€Å"clear and present danger† test determines the level of probability of threat imposed by the speech in question. However, the evil, which the government tries to prevent by outlawing the advocacy, does not outweigh the harm of outlawing the free speech. Only when the imposed danger becomes evident, the freedom of speech may be questioned. We must be aware that the price for preventing several cases of the openly declared illegal conduct may be paid by restriction of one of the most essential rights that constitute freedom for the entire nation. For the wellbeing and public safety, the Supreme Court has imposed certain regulations on the freedom of speech not because of its content, but because of the time, place and, manner the speech is being expressed (Farber). The court pointed out in Snyder v. Phelps (2011) that one way to ascertain whether a restriction is content-based versus content-neutral is to consider if the speaker had deliver a different message under exactly the same circumstances (Supreme Court of the United States). However, these rules do not limit the actual freedom of speech and are not even upheld, if there is no public need for this. However, concerning the content-neutral regulation, it raises many controversial issues. The content-neutral regulation requires a very careful distinction and therefore may sometimes be misinterpreted. There is a raising concern that such regulation may weaken people’s right to participate, especially if the government puts too many restrictions on how the ideas should be voiced. Thus, by analyzing the current issues concerning the First Amendment right to free speech in the United States, I wanted to show the perspective of outlawing this right, and the negative aspects t hat such outlawing may involve. Freedom of speech has served a crucial role for the right to dissent and for the entire principle of democracy in our society. This law was developed during the course of American history and only after numerous struggles it was achieved. The evolution of this law is still in progress however, the limitation of the basic right to free speech may as well limit our freedom and democracy, therefore should be respected and protected. Works Cited Cox, A. A Freedom of Expression. Cambridge: Harvard University, 1981. Print. The Declaration fo Independence and the Consitituion fo the United States. The Declaration fo Independence and the Consitituion fo the United States. By Roger Pilon. N.p.: Cato Institute, 2000. 1-10. Print. Farber, D. The First Amendment. New York: Foundation Press, 1998. Print. Sunstein, C. Democracy and the Prolem of Free Speech. New York: Free Press, 1993. Print. United States v. Kozminski – 487 U.S. 931 (1988). U.S. Supreme Court, n.d. Web. 1 Apr. 2013. . United States. Supreme Court. â€Å"Supreme Court of the United States of America.† Supreme Court of the United States of America, Oct. 2010. Web. 1 May 2013. .

Field study 3 Answer Essay

Name of Center Observed: Date of Observation: Name of Observer: Course/Year/School: 1. Print Resources Books Magazines Newspapers In depth information in a topic. Good sources of information. Present the main facts or hi-lights of an event. Exercise professional judgement in deciding whether to cover all the materials in the textbook or not. Adapt or replace any part of a textbook found inappropriate to the needs of the students and use other supplementary learning and resources to support students learning. 2. Audio Resources MP3 Player Compact Disc Improve listening Skills Easy to operate Can be used for big or small groups Teachers can be used in speech rehearsals, drama, musical presentation etc. 3. Non-electronic Visual Resources Bulletin Board Mock Ups It is highly versatile Intended to show the essential parts which are made detachable. The teacher uses it to present a preview of the lesson to be presented as a way of motivating the students. The teacher must use it for focusing observations on the desired part to be studied as well as the function relationships of the parts. 4. ICT Resources Computers Multimedia resources (Audio-visual teaching aids, web-based material, computer software packages, online platforms etc.) Flexibility Adaptability Multi-sensory experience Possibility of interactivity Connectedness Teacher may select materials that present different sides of controversial issues to help students to develop their critical thinking and to make informed judgement in their daily lives. Impression: Since the school is under construction most of the facilities are not present, even the Learning Resources. The teachers were the one who provides the learning materials she/he needs to teach her/his students like the audio resources and ICT Resources. It would be better for the teachers if all the learning resources are present in their school. Name and Signature of Observer: Name and Signature of the Learning Resources Center In-Charge:

International Negotiation Essay Example

International Negotiation Essay Example International Negotiation Essay International Negotiation Essay I found various Interesting concepts to talk about however; I will focus on three significant elements, Role of the Chief Negotiator (CNN), Choosing Appropriate Negotiation Style and Cultures?was Impact on International Negotiation. While reading the book, I observed that the author expressed a distinctive way of thinking and I slightly disagree with his pessimistic view of considering the world as a dark place full of people who are trying to cheat and take advantage of each other. The Role of the Chief Negotiator (CNN) I found the role of the chief negotiator (CNN) Is a fundamental key to drive successful negotiation that requires a wide variety of technical, social, communication, ethical kills, ability to deal with multidimensional pressure, self control, and keeping the team on track. The (CNN) is responsible for unifying the strategy, tactics and overall style to be used by a particular company. Therefore, being a successful manager doses?wet necessary lend to successful negotiator. The author describes remarkable character traits such as shrewdness, patience adaptability, endurance, gregariousness, sense of humor, caution, and self-evaluation. In Dalton, the author highlighted many other matching criteria such as ethics, cultures, technical expertise. Ointment, loyalty, and motivations. I value all mentioned skills, traits and criteria. However, in my perspective the author might be too evocative as we don?wet live in a perfect world and having all above mentioned skills, traits, and criteria in one human being is not practical. I believe that the main goal of the (CNN) is to maximize the long- term benefits of the venture while securing short-term needs. I agree with the majority of his views and realistically, I would summarize the required qualities to achieve the negotiation goal such as communications, research, planning skills, ability to think clearly under stress, general practical intelligence, product knowledge, personal integrity, and ability to perceive and exploit power. When my husband and I moved to Canada, negotiated buying a house, we were exposed to international arena, language and culture differences. We prioritize our demands, aspiration, and limits, understood the conceptual framework of the negotiation process, organized Information most Important to the least Important so we can trade some when needed, researched, prepared to maximize our objectives which are price, location, and potential resale value. Another point caught my attention when the author described the delegation of responsibility as of little value. I disagree with the author as I consider that applying a good quality of delegation method within the negotiating team is imperative to build harmonize successful organization. This Is why delegation Is such an Important skill, and Is one that the (CNN) have to portray. On ten Tall sloe, when you delegate, you are Kelly to rills not navels ten Joy cone to a certain degree, so the (CNN) should instinctively find the balance. Choosing Appropriate Negotiation Style I learned interesting negotiating element linked with developing a matching style of negotiation such as compliant, aggressive, passive, intimidating, and unemotional for each environment. Assembly of the right combination of talents, styles, and flexibility will result in a team that can handle virtually any negotiating session. The (CNN) must assure that team members and negotiation style fit the environment to achieve the overall goals while acknowledging that sometimes the same style will not necessarily work in every situation. Nevertheless, negotiators must be flexible, able to change Tyler as easily as they change environment. In my view, it?was rare for someone to adopt a style that runs opposite to his/her personality. Going back to the above mentioned house purchase example, during the negotiation, my husband was more aggressive with the seller?was agent following his firm personality and negotiation style. Alternatively, when we moved forward to the final phase of negotiation, my husband switched his negotiation style to a complaint one in order to fit the seller sees style. Culture?was Impact on International Negotiation Since we are discussing across cultural negotiation, hence, culture is a fundamental component that impacts the negotiation process. Culture is defined as socially transmitted behavior patterns, norms, beliefs and values of a given community. Culture greatly influences how individuals think, communicate and behave. Thus, it has a great influence on some aspects of negotiation. Let?was take the Americans who are considered more individualists and they value networking, information, and time. Living in four countries, I established a decent degree of cross cultural experience , there are elements that consistently arise to cause difficulties in intercultural negotiations such as Negotiation Goal, Attitude, Personal Style, Sensitivity to Time, High or low Emotionalism, ?: . Etc. Applying the later element to my personal experience, I found attitudes to time vary among cultures. In Israel, we prefer slower negotiations, whilst the Americans, believe that time is money and are in a hurry to conclude the deal. This reflects their contrasting views on the purpose of a negotiation. The Americans try to reduce the formalities and get the contract signed whilst the Israeli?was invest time in the pre-negotiating phase to get to know their potential business partner and determine if there is possibility for a long term business relationship. Further, I have observed that some cultures show their emotions at the negotiation table, while others hide their feelings. The Egyptians tend to show low emotion during negotiation and they are really concerned about saving face and maintaining their self-control. Hence they would be deeply offended by opposing negotiators that would embarrass them. In sharp contrast, Americans re generally known to speak out their mind even if it might cause other counterparts discomfiture. A real example at the University Group meetings, I kept my emotions low during the bargaining negotiation class while other students from different cultures were more out spooking and sometimes hurt other mates?w feelings. They feel all facts should be presented before an agreement is reached which other does consider it honesty. However, it is important for negotiators to be aware of the certain cultures tendency to act emotional or vice versa. Conclusion I en International negotiations are much more complex tan ten ones contacted domestically. The main reason why this is the case lies in the differences in negotiators?w cultures. These differences have a great impact on negotiators?w behavior and in international negotiation become even intensified by the perception of the participants. As demonstrated by various research results, the differences in cultures are manifested in distinct differences between negotiating styles typical for these cultures. This does not mean that all members of a particular culture negotiate n the same way but rather that there are patterns of behavior which are typical for most of them. To be successful in the international negotiation arena, negotiators need to develop high sensitivity to cultural factors, identify and pursue a culturally responsive strategy most appropriate in a given negotiation setting but at the same time acknowledge and consider also individual and structural aspects occurring in this setting. Armed with this knowledge and advice I realize that the road to a successful agreement is still very long and rocky but at least we know how to avoid intercultural traps waiting for the unprepared.

Admiral Frank Jack Fletcher in World War II

Admiral Frank Jack Fletcher in World War II Admiral Frank Jack Fletcher was an American naval officer who played a key role in the early battles of World War II in the Pacific. An Iowa native, he received the Medal of Honor for his actions during the occupation of Veracruz. Though he had little experience with carriers, Fletcher directed Allied forces at the Battle of the Coral Sea in May 1942 and at the Battle of Midway a month later. That August, he oversaw the invasion of Guadalcanal and was criticized for withdrawing his ships leaving the Marines ashore unprotected and under-supplied. Fletcher later commanded Allied forces in the northern Pacific in the final years of the conflict. Early Life and Career A native of Marshalltown, IA, Frank Jack Fletcher was born April 29, 1885. The nephew of a naval officer, Fletcher elected to pursue a similar career. Appointed to the US Naval Academy in 1902, his classmates included Raymond Spruance, John McCain, Sr., and Henry Kent Hewitt. Completing his class work on February 12, 1906, he proved an above average student and ranked 26th in a class of 116. Departing Annapolis, Fletcher began serving the two years at sea that were then required prior to commissioning. Initially reporting to USS Rhode Island (BB-17), he later served aboard USS Ohio (BB-12). In September 1907, Fletcher moved to the armed yacht USS Eagle. While on board, he received his commission as a ensign in February 1908. Later assigned to USS Franklin, the receiving ship at Norfolk, Fletcher oversaw drafting men for service with the Pacific Fleet. Traveling with this contingent aboard USS Tennessee (ACR-10), he arrived in at Cavite, Philippines during the fall of 1909. That November, Fletcher was assigned to the destroyer USS Chauncey. Veracruz Serving with the Asiatic Torpedo Flotilla, Fletcher received his first command in April 1910 when ordered to the destroyer USS Dale. As the ships commander, he led to a top ranking among the US Navys destroyers at that springs battle practice as well as claimed the gunnery trophy. Remaining in the Far East, he later captained Chauncey in 1912. That December, Fletcher returned to the United States and reported aboard the new battleship USS Florida (BB-30). While with the ship, he took part in the Occupation of Veracruz which began in April 1914. Part of the naval forces led by his uncle, Rear Admiral Frank Friday Fletcher, he was placed in command of the chartered mail steamer Esperanza and successfully rescued 350 refugees while under fire. Later in the campaign, Fletcher brought a number of foreign nationals out of the interior by train after a complex series of negotiations with the local Mexican authorities. Earning a formal commendation for his efforts, this was later upgraded to the Medal of Honor in 1915. Leaving Florida that July, Fletcher reported for duty as Aide and Flag Lieutenant for his uncle who was assuming command of the Atlantic Fleet. Admiral Frank Jack Fletcher Rank: AdmiralService: United States NavyNickname(s): Black JackBorn: April 29, 1885 in Marshalltown, IADied: April 25, 1973 in Bethesda, MDParents: Thomas J. and Alice FletcherSpouse: Martha RichardsConflicts: World War I, World War IIKnown For: Battle of the Coral Sea, Battle of Midway, Invasion of Guadalcanal, Battle of the Eastern Solomons World War I Remaining with his uncle until September 1915, Fletcher then departed to take an assignment at Annapolis. With the American entry into World War I in April 1917, he became the gunnery officer aboard USS Kearsarge (BB-5) Transferred that September, Fletcher, now a lieutenant commander, briefly commanded USS Margaret before sailing for Europe. Arriving in February 1918, he took command of the destroyer USS Allen before moving to USS Benham that May. Commanding Benham for most of the year, Fletcher received the Navy Cross for his actions during convoy duty in the North Atlantic. Departing that fall, he traveled to San Francisco where he oversaw the construction of vessels for the US Navy at Union Iron Works. Interwar Years Following a staff posting in Washington, Fletcher returned to sea in 1922 with a series of assignments on the Asiatic Station. These included command of the destroyer USS Whipple followed by the gunboat USS Sacramento and submarine tender USS Rainbow. In this final vessel, Fletcher also oversaw the submarine base at Cavite, Philippines. Ordered home in 1925, he saw duty at the Washington Naval Yard before joining USS Colorado (BB-45) as executive officer in 1927. After two years of duty aboard the battleship, Fletcher was selected to attend the US Naval War College at Newport, RI. Graduating, he sought additional education at the US Army War College before accepting an appointment as Chief of Staff to the Commander in Chief, US Asiatic Fleet in August 1931. Serving as chief of staff to Admiral Montgomery M. Taylor for two years with the rank of captain, Fletcher gained early insight into Japanese naval operations following their invasion of Manchuria. Ordered back to Washington after two years, he next held a post in the Office of the Chief of Naval Operations. This was followed by duty as Aide to Secretary of the Navy Claude A. Swanson. In June 1936, Fletcher assumed command of the battleship USS New Mexico (BB-40). Sailing as flagship of Battleship Division Three, he furthered the vessels reputation as an elite warship. He was aided in this by the future father of the nuclear navy, Lieutenant Hyman G. Rickover, who was New Mexicos assistant engineering officer. Fletcher remained with the vessel until December 1937 when he departed for duty in the Navy Department. Made Assistant Chief of the Bureau of Navigation in June 1938, Fletcher was promoted to rear admiral the following year. Ordered to the US Pacific Fleet in late 1939, he first commanded Cruiser Division Three and later Cruiser Division Six. While Fletcher was in the latter post, the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941. World War II With the US entry into World War II, Fletcher received orders to take Task Force 11, centered on the carrier USS Saratoga (CV-3) to relieve Wake Island which was under attack from the Japanese. Moving towards the island, Fletcher was recalled on December 22 when leaders received reports of two Japanese carriers operating in the area. Though a surface commander, Fletcher took command of Task Force 17 on January 1, 1942. Commanding from the carrier USS Yorktown (CV-5) he learned air operations at sea while cooperating with Vice Admiral William Bull Halseys Task Force 8 in mounting raids against the Marshall and Gilbert Islands that February. A month later, Fletcher served as second in command to Vice Admiral Wilson Brown during operations against Salamaua and Lae on New Guinea. Battle of the Coral Sea With Japanese forces threatening Port Moresby, New Guinea in early May, Fletcher received orders from the Commander in Chief, US Pacific Fleet, Admiral Chester Nimitz, to intercept the enemy. Joined by aviation expert Rear Admiral Aubrey Fitch and USS Lexington (CV-2) he moved his forces into the Coral Sea. After mounting air strikes against Japanese forces on Tulagi on May 4, Fletcher received word that the Japanese invasion fleet was approaching. Though air searches failed to find the enemy the next day, efforts on May 7 proved more successful. Opening the Battle of the Coral Sea, Fletcher, with Fitchs assistance, mounted strikes which succeeded in sinking the carrier Shoho. The next day, American aircraft badly damaged the carrier Shokaku, but Japanese forces succeeded in sinking Lexington and damaging Yorktown. Battered, the Japanese elected to withdraw after the battle giving the Allies a key strategic victory. Battle of Midway Forced to return to Pearl Harbor to make repairs on Yorktown, Fletcher was in port only briefly before being dispatched by Nimitz to oversee the defense of Midway. Sailing, he joined with Spruances Task Force 16 which possessed the carriers USS Enterprise (CV-6) and USS Hornet (CV-8). Serving as the senior commander at the Battle of Midway, Fletcher mounted strikes against the Japanese fleet on June 4. Vice Admiral Frank Jack Fletcher, September 1942. US Naval History and Heritage Command The initial attacks sunk the carriers Akagi, Soryu, and Kaga. Responding, the Japanese carrier Hiryu launched two raids against Yorktown that afternoon before being sunk by American aircraft. The Japanese attacks succeeded in crippling the carrier and forced Fletcher to shift his flag to the heavy cruiser USS Astoria. Though Yorktown was later lost to a submarine attack, the battle proved a key victory for the Allies and was the turning point of the war in the Pacific. Fighting in the Solomons On July 15, Fletcher received a promotion to vice admiral. Nimitz had tried to obtain this promotion in May and June but had been blocked by Washington as some perceived Fletchers actions at the Coral Sea and Midway as being overly-cautious. Fletchers rebuttal to these claims was that he was attempting to preserve the US Navys scarce resources in the Pacific in the wake of Pearl Harbor. Given command of Task Force 61, Nimitz directed Fletcher to oversee the invasion of Guadalcanal in the Solomon Islands. Landing the 1st Marine Division on August 7, his carrier aircraft provided cover from Japanese land-based fighters and bombers. Concerned about fuel and aircraft losses, Fletcher elected to withdraw his carriers from the area on August 8. This move proved controversial it compelled the amphibious forces transports to withdraw before landing much of the 1st Marine Divisions supplies and artillery. Fletcher justified his decision based on the need to protect the carriers for use against their Japanese counterparts. Left exposed, the Marines ashore were subjected to nightly shelling from Japanese naval forces and were short on supplies. While the Marines consolidated their position, the Japanese began planning a counter-offensive to reclaim the island. Overseen by Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto, the Imperial Japanese Navy commenced Operation Ka in late August. This called for Japanese three carriers, led by Vice Admiral Chuichi Nagumo, to eliminate Fletchers ships which would permit surface forces to clear the area around Guadalcanal. This done, a large troop convoy would proceed to the island. Clashing at the Battle of the Eastern Solomons on August 24-25, Fletcher succeeded in sinking the light carrier Ryujo but had Enterprise badly damaged. Though largely inconclusive, the battle forced the Japanese convoy to turn around and compelled them to deliver supplies to Guadalcanal by destroyer or submarine. Later War Following Eastern Solomons, the Chief of Naval Operations, Admiral Ernest J. King, severely criticized Fletcher for not pursuing Japanese forces after the battle. A week after the engagement, Fletchers flagship, Saratoga, was torpedoed by I-26. The damage sustained forced the carrier to return to Pearl Harbor. Arriving, an exhausted Fletcher was given leave. On November 18, he assumed command of the 13th Naval District and Northwestern Sea Frontier with his headquarters at Seattle. In this post for the remainder of the war, Fletcher also became commander of the Alaskan Sea Frontier in April 1944. Pushing ships across the North Pacific, he mounted attacks on the Kurile Islands. With the end of the war in September 1945, Fletchers forces occupied northern Japan. Returning to the United States later that year, Fletcher joined the General Board of the Navy Department on December 17. Later chairing the board, he retired from active duty on May 1, 1947. Elevated to the rank of admiral upon leaving the service, Fletcher retired to Maryland. He later died on April 25, 1973, and was buried at Arlington National Cemetery.

Organizational Change Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Organizational Change - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that it has been a most frequently used adage that nothing is constant except change. In contemporary organizations, experience has proven that business entities require both stability and continuity, in conjunction with innovation and adaptation. Without equilibrium, any business organization could not effectively function; yet, without adaptation, it definitely cannot survive. The option open to organizations is not between continuity or discontinuity, but a balance between them. Organizational change is, therefore, the quintessence of adaptation and innovation: a crucial and necessary fact of life. According to Martires and Fule, change is any alteration in the present state of a system. In social organizations, change is initiated, implemented, and maintained to achieve a new and higher level of performance by the system. In a report written by Kezar, the author cited two definitions of organizational change, to wit: â€Å"Burnes noted that organizational change refers to understanding alterations within organizations at the broadest level among individuals, groups, and at the collective level across the entire organization. Another definition is that change is the observation of difference over time in one or more dimensions of an entity†. From these meanings, it is therefore apparent that organizational change contains transformations of one or more elements within the organization over a pre-defined period of time.... People have been located at the center because it is they who link all other variables in a productive way. The organization tries to obtain a new level of performance and excellence by adjusting its internal functions and processes, as well as modifying its goals. This means that any or all of the five variables may be changed to realize the necessary adjustment. Furthermore, the system’s elements are highly interdependent and interrelated, and any change in one will have an influence on the others. 3. Characteristics or Attributes of Innovative Companies. Since innovation is crucial to organizational effectiveness and growth, the question of what characterizes innovative companies is an important one in managing change. Answers to this question provide broad outlines for action and give the change process its direction. Thomas J. Peters and Robert H. Waterman, Jr.’s (1982) research on successful American companies offers significant insights as to where the direction of change should be. In their study, they identified eight attributes which distinguish excellent and innovative companies from those which are not. The authors noted that not all eight attributes were present to the same degree in the excellent companies that they studied. But in every case, at least a preponderance of the eight was clearly visible. These attributes or characteristics of innovative companies are enumerated herewith: (1) a bias for action; (2) close to the customer; (3) autonomy and entrepreneurship; (4) productivity through people; (5) hands on and value driven; (6) stick to the knitting; (7) simple form and lean staff; and finally (8) simultaneous loose-tight properties (Peters and Waterman, 1982, pp. 13-15). 4. Identify

LDAP Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

LDAP - Essay Example Therefore, the need to use LDAP becomes largely unnecessary. In its goal to remain lightweight, LDAP does not include a security or encryption service, and with the increasing concerns about network security, this option makes it use less prevalent among businesses and individual users (Gracion Software, 2011). An open source protocol allows user contribution to the software development. When LDAP became open source, the developers intended to eliminate dependence on a select group of vendors and increase the usability options for the internet directory service (Arkills, 2003). By making LDAP an open protocol system, it enabled its usage and faster advancement in a still developing computing field of internet directory services. LDAP is a lightweight directory management program, meaning that it makes minimal use of the system resources. In addition, apart from offering the traditional directory management tasks, LDAP allows directory update tasks. For many organizations with online directories offering selective access to information, LDAP is quite useful as it allows authentication for access to directory services alongside update services in accordance to user preferences. Finally, LDAP helps computers within a network to perform such tasks such as self-authentication to other computers in the network, configure the network environment, and manage access privileges (Arkills, 2003). The use of LDAP is more appropriate for organizations that run online directories. LDAP helps manage directories, especially with regard to update and validation of access by the authorized users (Arkills, 2003). The LDAP is more beneficial to programmers with interest in developing internet directories using C and C++ programs. These programmers usually work with corporate clients such as businesses in creating effective and easy to manage directory systems. LDAP is an